The first-time here reported biological responses induced by PM from a remote site at high altitude were associated with the high concentrations of metals and secondary species typical of the free tropospheric aerosol, influenced by long range transports and aging. Results show that PM-induced biological effects changed with the seasons and sites, and such variations may be explained by chemical constituents of PM, derived both from primary and secondary sources. A Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis has been performed to relate PM chemical composition to the toxic effects observed. PM2.5 and PM1 samples, collected during the different seasons at an urban, rural and remote site, were chemically characterized and the biological effects induced on A549 cells were assessed.
However there is still lack of information on the impact of its different components. Particulate matter (PM), a complex mix of chemical compounds, results to be associated with various health effects. Origins, also known as Excavation Site 64 and Dig Site, is a Zombies map included in the Apocalypse downloadable content for Call of Duty: Black Ops II. Perrone, M.G., Gualtieri M., Consonni V., Ferrero L., Sangiorgi G., Longhin E., Ballabio D., Bolzacchini E., and Camatini M.Ī549 cells, aerosol, aerosol composition, Air Pollutants, Air pollution, alkane, Aluminum, Ammonia, arsenic, article, atmospheric transport, Biological effects, Biological response, calcium ion, carbon, carboxylic acid, cell assay, Cell Line, cell stress, cell viability, Chemical composition, Chemical compositions, Chemical compounds, Chemical constituents, chemometrics, Chromium, concentration (composition), concentration (parameters), controlled study, cytokine release, Cytotoxicity, Discriminant analysis, DNA damage, Elemental carbon, Environmental impact, Environmental monitoring, genotoxicity, Health effects, health impact, High concentration, human, human cell, Humans, in vitro study, In-vitro, interleukin 8, Iron, Italy, lactate dehydrogenase, Land use, Lead, least squares method, levoglucosan, long range transport, lung alveolus cell, lung toxicity, magnesium ion, Metals, Molybdenum, nitrate, Oxidative stress, Partial least square (PLS), particle size, particulate matter, point source, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, Pulmonary Alveoli, reactive oxygen metabolite, remote site, Remote sites, rural area, seasonal variation, Seasons, Secondary sources, sulfate, Toxic effect, Trace metal, troposphere, Tropospheric aerosols, unclassified drug, urban area, Urban growth, urban rural difference, Zinc Particle size, chemical composition, seasons of the year and urban, rural or remote site origins as determinants of biological effects of particulate matter on pulmonary cells
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